Note: Single-source report; awaiting corroboration.
Wildfires across Europe and North America are generating smoke that travels between countries and continents, exposing millions to harmful air pollution, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
WHO warns that climate change, prolonged heatwaves, drought, and changes in land management are increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires, raising smoke exposure as a public health concern. While many fires are caused by human activity, hotter, drier conditions due to climate change make fire ignition and spread more likely.
Wildfire smoke contains a mixture of gases and fine particles released from burning vegetation, buildings, and other materials. Fires in urban or industrial areas may release additional toxic pollutants. Fine particulate matter, known as PM2.5, is especially concerning because it can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing symptoms such as coughing, eye and throat irritation, headaches, wheezing, and shortness of breath, as well as worsening asthma and other chronic conditions.
Those most vulnerable to smoke exposure include infants and young children, older adults, pregnant women, people with disabilities, and those living in poorly insulated homes. Emergency responders and outdoor workers also face increased risks due to prolonged exposure. WHO also notes the psychological impacts of wildfires, such as stress, anxiety, and trauma during and after these events.
To reduce exposure, WHO advises monitoring air quality alerts and following official guidance, even if fires are not nearby. People should stay indoors with doors and windows closed during heavy smoke unless evacuation is advised. When outdoor exposure is necessary, wearing a well-fitting FFP2 or N95 mask may help reduce intake of harmful particles. Individuals with heart or lung conditions, pregnant women, and those with breathing difficulties should seek medical advice promptly.